## Other Congenital Anomalies
Congenital anomalies, also known as birth defects or congenital disabilities, are structural or functional abnormalities that develop during pregnancy. These anomalies can affect any part of the body, including the brain, heart, limbs, and internal organs.
### Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of congenital anomalies can vary widely depending on the specific anomaly. Some common symptoms include:
* **Abnormal physical features:** Unusual facial features, limb deformities, or skin abnormalities
* **Developmental delays:** Delays in motor, cognitive, or language development
* **Fetal movement abnormalities:** Decreased or excessive fetal movement
* **Maternal bleeding:** Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy
* **Premature birth:** Delivery before 37 weeks of gestation
* **Uterine enlargement:** Larger-than-normal uterus size
### Diagnosis
Congenital anomalies can be diagnosed through various tests during pregnancy, including:
* **Prenatal ultrasound:** A non-invasive test that uses sound waves to create images of the fetus
* **Amniocentesis:** A procedure that involves withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid from the uterus
* **Chorionic villus sampling:** A procedure that involves collecting a sample of cells from the placenta
* **Fetal echocardiography:** A specialized ultrasound that focuses on the fetal heart
### Prevention
Some congenital anomalies can be prevented through measures such as:
* **Vaccinations:** Vaccinating women of childbearing age against rubella and varicella
* **Folic acid supplementation:** Taking folic acid supplements before and during pregnancy
* **Avoiding harmful substances:** Avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and certain medications during pregnancy
* **Managing chronic conditions:** Managing underlying health conditions that can increase the risk of congenital anomalies
### Treatment
The treatment for congenital anomalies depends on the specific anomaly and its severity. Options may include:
* **Fetal surgery:** Surgical procedures performed on the fetus during pregnancy to correct or improve the anomaly
* **Genetic counseling:** Providing information and support to families affected by genetic disorders
* **Medical management:** Medications or therapies to manage the symptoms or complications of the anomaly
* **Palliative care:** Providing comfort and support to individuals with severe or life-limiting anomalies
* **Rehabilitation:** Physical, occupational, or speech therapy to improve function and maximize independence
### Related Terms
* **Amnion:** The protective membrane that surrounds the fetus in the uterus
* **Chorion:** The outer membrane of the placenta
* **Embryo:** The developing organism from the time of fertilization to the eighth week of pregnancy
* **Fetus:** The developing organism from the ninth week of pregnancy to birth
* **Placenta:** The organ that provides nourishment and oxygen to the fetus
* **Uterus:** The muscular organ in which the fetus develops
### Epidemiology
Congenital anomalies affect approximately 3-5% of all live births worldwide. The risk of congenital anomalies increases with maternal age, certain genetic disorders, and environmental factors.
### Etiology
The causes of congenital anomalies are complex and may involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and other factors. Some known causes include:
* **Genetic disorders:** Chromosomal abnormalities or gene mutations
* **Environmental factors:** Exposure to toxins, radiation, or certain medications
* **Maternal health conditions:** Diabetes, thyroid disorders, or infections
