## Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
### Introduction
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), also known as prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous condition in which the prostate gland becomes enlarged. The prostate gland is located below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. As the prostate gland enlarges, it can put pressure on the urethra, making it difficult to urinate.
### Symptoms
The symptoms of BPH include:
* Difficulty urinating
* Frequent urination, especially at night (nocturia)
* Urgent urination
* Intermittent urination, or stopping and starting while urinating
* Weak urine stream
### Diagnosis
**Digital rectal exam (DRE):** The doctor inserts a gloved finger into the rectum to feel the size and shape of the prostate gland.
**Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test:** This blood test measures the level of PSA in the blood. Elevated PSA levels can be a sign of BPH or prostate cancer.
**Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS):** This imaging test uses sound waves to create images of the prostate gland.
### Prevention
There is no known way to prevent BPH. However, there are some lifestyle changes that may help reduce the risk of developing the condition, such as:
* Exercising regularly
* Eating a healthy diet
* Maintaining a healthy weight
* Limiting alcohol intake
* Avoiding smoking
### Treatment
The goal of treatment for BPH is to relieve the symptoms and improve urinary flow. Treatment options include:
**Medications:** Medications can shrink the prostate gland or relax the muscles around the urethra, making it easier to urinate.
**Surgery:** Surgery may be necessary if medications do not relieve the symptoms. Surgical procedures for BPH include:
* **Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP):** This surgery removes part of the prostate gland using a heated wire.
* **Laser prostatectomy:** This surgery uses a laser to remove part of the prostate gland.
* **Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP):** This surgery removes the entire prostate gland using a laser.
* **Greenlight laser vaporization of the prostate:** This surgery uses a laser to vaporize part of the prostate gland.
* **Urolift prostatic urethral lift:** This surgery uses implants to hold the prostate gland out of the way of the urethra.
### Complications
Complications of BPH surgery can include:
* Urinary incontinence
* Erectile dysfunction
* Retrograde ejaculation
* Narrowing of the urethra
* Infection
* Bleeding
### Prognosis
The prognosis for BPH is generally good. Most men who receive treatment will experience relief from their symptoms.
