## Periodontal Disease: A Comprehensive Guide
**Introduction**
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a common infection that affects the gums and bone that support the teeth. It is caused by bacteria that naturally form in the mouth and produce plaque, a sticky film that coats the teeth. When plaque is not removed, it can harden into calculus, which can lead to periodontal disease.
**Symptoms**
* Bleeding gums
* Red, swollen, or tender gums
* Receding gums
* Loose teeth
* Toothache
* Pus between teeth and gums
* Bad breath
* Gum sensitivity
**Diagnosis**
To diagnose periodontal disease, a dentist or periodontist will examine the mouth and gums. They may also perform the following tests:
* **Probing:** Measuring the depth of the pockets between the teeth and gums
* **X-rays:** To detect bone loss and other underlying issues
**Types of Periodontal Disease**
* **Gingivitis:** Early stage of periodontal disease that affects only the gums
* **Periodontitis:** Advanced stage of periodontal disease that damages the bone around the teeth
* **Aggressive periodontitis:** A rapidly progressing form of periodontal disease that affects children and young adults
* **Chronic periodontitis:** Most common form of periodontal disease that progresses slowly over time
* **Periodontosis:** A severe form of periodontal disease that results in extensive bone loss
**Prevention**
* Good oral hygiene (brushing, flossing, mouthwash)
* Regular dental checkups
* Avoiding sugary foods and drinks
* Quitting smoking
* Managing diabetes and cardiovascular disease
**Treatment**
Treatment for periodontal disease depends on the severity of the condition.
* **Scaling and root planing:** Removing plaque and calculus from above and below the gum line
* **Periodontal surgery:** Repairing damaged tissue and bone
* **Flap surgery:** Lifting back the gums to access and clean the roots
* **Bone grafting:** Replacing lost bone
* **Guided tissue regeneration:** Stimulating bone growth
**Medication**
* Antibiotics
* Anti-inflammatories
* Laser therapy
* Ozone therapy
* Photodynamic therapy
**Complications**
If left untreated, periodontal disease can lead to:
* Tooth loss
* Bone loss
* Pain and swelling
* Difficulty eating and speaking
* Increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
**Who Performs Treatment?**
Periodontists are specialists who diagnose and treat periodontal disease. They have advanced training and experience in managing gum and bone issues.
**Other Relevant Terms**
* Plaque
* Calculus
* Oral hygiene
* Dental floss
* Toothbrush
* Mouthwash
